Compared to exosomes from human cells (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells derived from fat cells), plant exosomes contain less fewer specific growth factors that are crucial for tissue regeneration.

Plant exosomes do not contain human growth factors (e.g., TGF-β, VEGF, FGF) that are crucial for cell regeneration, collagen production, and tissue repair. They cannot stimulate human cells to repair and regenerate cells as effectively as exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells.

Although plant exosomes are considered safe, there are few long-term studies on potential side effects or allergic reactions. Plants often contain secondary metabolites or proteins that could trigger allergic reactions.

Since plant exosomes are not of human origin, they could theoretically be recognized as foreign by the immune system and neutralized, thus rendering them ineffective. Furthermore, an immune response is always an inflammatory response, which is undesirable.

Plant exosomes may be more sensitive to environmental factors such as heat, pH levels, or enzymes, which could affect their stability and efficacy in cosmetic or medicinal products. Medicinal products must be able to demonstrate their stability.

While exosomes from human cells control targeted regenerative processes, plant exosomes are less specific and more limited to antioxidant protection.

Plant exosomes primarily transport antioxidants, lipids, and plant RNA, which are less specific to human processes. Unlike human exosomes, which can selectively activate specific receptors, the effects of plant exosomes are often more general in nature (e.g., anti-inflammatory or antioxidant).

Plant exosomes primarily act superficially, for example as protection against oxidative stress or to support the skin barrier. Their ability to penetrate deep into tissue or to induce systemic regenerative effects is limited.

There are hardly any long-term studies on the safety and efficacy of plant exosomes in humans. Many of the findings to date come from animal models or in vitro studies, which limits their applicability to humans.

The composition of plant exosomes can vary greatly depending on the plant, growth conditions, and extraction methods. This makes standardization and reproducibility of results difficult.

Exosomes from plants are extremely difficult to count. Therefore, information about the quantity of exosomes present in a product is virtually impossible to verify. Consequently, qualitative and quantitative characteristics are lacking.

The benefits of plant exosomes could lie in skincare (e.g., as an ingredient in creams), rather than in profound medical applications such as cell and tissue repair.